Introduction Divorce rate has increased in recent decades in Iran. The purpose of this study is to answer the following research questions: What are the most important SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS of the divorced population in Iran, especially in terms of CHARACTERISTICS such as educational level, employment status, urban-rural residence, gender, and so on? How did these features change over time? What are the recent trends in divorce in Iranian society? And what are the differences between the provinces? Finally, to what extent can individual-level differences in SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS determine and predict probability of being divorced? We believe that the study of the trends in divorce rates and its SOCIO-ECONOMIC differentials can give a better understanding of the distributional pattern of divorce both over time, and within various SOCIO-ECONOMIC groups...

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric CHARACTERISTICS of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

Background: The current medicine teaching curriculum has caused medical students several psychological ailments including depression, and stress. Our study aimed to find a relationship between some socioeconomic CHARACTERISTICS of medical student and their life skills at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Methods: 146 Interns of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences were enrolled in our crosssectional study by census. The framework was obtained from education department of faculty. Students reported a history of psychological disorders, and foreign students were excluded. We evaluated participant's Proficiency in computer, habitat, parent's education, and family income and life skills. Data were analyzed by SPSS Inc. Released 2007. SPSS Inc. Released 2007. SPSS for Windows, Version 16. 0. Results: Participants aged between 22 to 27 and 98 (66. 2%) of them were female. Comparison between four levels of father's education (lower than diploma, diploma, bachelor and higher than bachelor) showed worldview (P=0. 014), social behavior (P=0. 011) and ability to use new technologies (P=0. 018) had a significant difference. Regarding the mother's education, there are no significant differences among 20 life skills. There were significant differences between levels of computer proficiency and communication skills (P=0. 042), interpersonal relations (P=0. 011), mental health status (P=0. 035), problem-solving (P=0. 021), creativity (P=0. 013), ability of using new technologies (P=0. 001), participate in activities that improve benefits (P=0. 027), and total score (P=0. 043). Conclusion: Despite mothers' education, fathers' education has a role in medical students' world view, technology access, and social behavior. However, comparison of means and subgroup analysis didn't show a logical relationship. Computer proficiency besides affecting different aspects of life skills can affect total life skill scores.

The purpose of the present study was to compare some antropometric CHARACTERISTICS of 11-14 years old male students in high, average and low SOCIO-ECONOMIC Status. 610 students from public schools in three educational districts of Isfahan were randomly selected by clustral method. Then the Subjects were located in three low, average and high Socioeconomic status groups. Height, weight, triceps and culf skinfold thicknesses were measured. Result showed that there were Significant differences between three groups in weight, triceps and culf skinfold thickness, sum of two skinfold thickness (culf and triceps) and percent body fat. Also there were no Significant differences between three qroups in 8MI and height. Result showed that weight of students with high socioeconomic Status was greater than the Students with average and low socio economic Statues. Also the skinfold thickness of triceps, calf and percent body fat of students with high socioeconomic Status were greater than students in low socioeconomic status. It seems that the childreen in high socioeconomic status have more weight and fat than children in low socioeconomic status. Other researches have Concluded that the girls in high socioeconomic status have lower percent body fat compare to children in low socioeconomic status.

Background and Aim: Job enrichment is a method that has been used to increase employee satisfaction and work motivation. The Hackman and Oldham job CHARACTERISTICS model (1976) has served as the foundation for many job enrichment efforts. In particular, a considerable amount of research has been devoted to the study of the job CHARACTERISTICS-job satisfaction relations. Te purpose of this study was to statistically determine the relation between job CHARACTERISTICS and job satisfaction among employees of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in 2007. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional one, including 6 TUMS-affiliated hospitals-Emam, Shariati, Baharlo, Ziaeian, Madaen and Azadi. The sample size was 400, consisting of 200 administrative employees (50%), 151 nurses (38%) and 49 physicians (12%). The random sampling and stratified proportional sampling methods were used to select the hospitals and interviewees, respectively. Two questionnaires were developed and used to identify job CHARACTERISTICS and job satisfaction: 1) job diagnostics surveys (JDS) and 2) Hertzberg's job satisfaction questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaires was ascertained by test-retest using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.88). Linear-by-linear association and ordinal logistics regression analysis were used for analyzing the data gathered.Results:The relations between the Motivational Potential Score (MPS) and job CHARACTERISTICS (except for feedback) with job satisfaction were statistically significant (p<0.05). Task identity was the most effective determinant of job satisfaction. Conclusion: It appears that all the job CHARACTERISTICS (except feedback) are important determinants of job satisfaction of the hospital employees. Although the work environment is in need of restructuring, it is important to note, from a positive perspective, that the job CHARACTERISTICS discussed in this study are readily amenable to change job satisfaction at the organizational level.

The purpose of this research was to study the economic, social and motivational conditions of Esteghlal-Pirouzi spectators. This research was a case study and 375 male spectators randomly participated who had completed a researcher-made questionnaire before the game started. Results showed that the mean age of subjects was 19.6, 40.1% of spectators had a diploma and 33.2% had under-diploma education. The mean income of spectators’ families was 2,400,000 Rials.77% were jobless and 46% were considered as sport tourism population as they traveled more than 80 kilometers to watch the game.82% recognized their motivation as supporting their favorite team and loving that team. The official figures show that more than half of spectators’ families live under poverty line and 72% enjoyed a lower social class.

Objective(s): To examine potential correlations between demographic CHARACTERISTICS and the decision to abort the pregnancy.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The sample comprised 888 women admitted for abortion or delivery to15 educational hospitals of Tehran, Iran and Shahid Beheshti medical universities in Tehran from Jan to Feb 2004. Data on demographic CHARACTERISTICS and the decision to illegally terminate the pregnancy were collected via interviews and analyzed by performing multiple logistic regressions.Results: Among all participants, 388 (43.7%) with a mean age of 29.9± 6.3 had made a decision of induced abortion and 500 (56.3%) with a mean age of 24.9 ± 4.9 had not made such a decision. This study showed unwanted pregnancy as the strongest determinant in the decision to abort the fetus. Other variables such as family income, female age and multi parity were also found to be related to the decision to undergo abortion.Conclusion: This study indicated that some pregnant women might have higher risk than others and thus they need more education and support regarding the serious complications of induced abortion.

A survey of wastewater CHARACTERISTICS in Kermanshah City was conducted to evaluate the range of pollutant ratios (BOD, SS, N, and P, to COD) that can be used to assess the robustness of wastewater management systems in terms of sustainability. The method of study is descriptive and analytical. Data were collected from three districts of the city that were SOCIO-ECONOMICally different (Ellaheiah, Taavon and Kasra) and considered to be true representatives of the population. Average values of BOD5/COD (0.58, 0.55 and 0.56 mg/mg); SS/COD (0.633, 0.619, 0.636); N/COD (0.09, 0.078 and 0.076); and P/COD (0.016, 0.015 and 0.018) were obtained from the three districts of the city, Ellaheiah, Taavon and Kasra, respectively. The alkalinity of the wastewater was 2.5 times stronger than normal wastewater. The results indicate that despite seemingly different values for the parameters measured, no significant differences exist among samples from the three study districts.  Based on BOD and COD, the samples seem to range from medium to strong. BOD/COD ratios are almost satisfactory (0.5 -0.6) in the sense that more than 0.55% of carbonaceous material is biodegradable. Regarding TKN, total phosphorous concentration is in the range of medium wastewaters. Phosphorous concentration in the wastewater from Kasra was significantly higher than those from the other two districts.